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P-Value

定义 Definition

p-value（p值）：在假设检验中，在原假设（H）为真的前提下，得到当前观测结果或更极端结果的概率。p值越小，通常表示数据与原假设越不相符（但它不是“原假设为真的概率”，也不等同于“效应大小”）。

发音 Pronunciation (IPA)

/pi vlju/

例句 Examples

The p-value is 0.03, so we reject the null hypothesis.
p值是0.03，因此我们拒绝原假设。

Although the p-value was statistically significant, the effect was small and may not be practically important.
尽管p值达到了统计显著，但效应很小，可能并不具有实际重要性。

词源 Etymology

p-value中的 p 通常被解释为 probability（概率），该术语随20世纪统计假设检验的发展而普及，尤其与费舍尔（R. A. Fisher）的显著性检验传统有关；后来在尼曼皮尔逊框架下与“显著性水平”等概念一同成为常见统计报告指标。

相关词 Related Words

文学与著作中的用例 Literary Works

The Lady Tasting Tea（David Salsburg）统计思想史与显著性检验相关讨论中出现
Naked Statistics（Charles Wheelan）面向大众解释p值与显著性的含义
The Drunkard’s Walk（Leonard Mlodinow）在随机性与推断的叙述中提到p值
Statistical Inference（Casella & Berger）在假设检验章节系统使用p值
The Elements of Statistical Learning（Hastie, Tibshirani & Friedman）在模型评估与推断语境中出现p值

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