V2EX null hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

定义 Definition

零假设:统计检验中的默认假设,通常表示“没有差异/没有效应/没有关系”。研究会尝试用数据去拒绝零假设;若无法拒绝,则表示证据不足以说明存在效应。(在不同情境下也可能有更具体的表述。)

发音 Pronunciation (IPA)

/nl hapθss/

例句 Examples

The null hypothesis says there is no difference between the two groups.
零假设认为这两组之间没有差异。

After analyzing the data, the researchers failed to reject the null hypothesis, so the treatment’s effect was not statistically significant.
在分析数据后,研究者未能拒绝零假设,因此该治疗的效果在统计学上不显著。

词源 Etymology

null 源自拉丁语 nullus(意为“没有、无”);hypothesis 源自希腊语 hypothesis(意为“假设、前提”)。合起来表示“默认设定为‘没有效应’的假设”,是现代统计推断与假设检验体系中的核心术语之一。

相关词 Related Words

文学作品 Literary Works

  • Ronald A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments(《实验设计》)
  • Jerzy Neyman & Egon S. Pearson, “On the Problem of the Most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses”(关于最有效统计假设检验问题的经典论文)
  • David Salsburg, The Lady Tasting Tea(《品茶女士:统计学如何改变科学》)
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