Published: July 27, 2022 2.34pm BST
1. 近雨林的信德牛(Sindhi cattle)：性食能供不增的世界人口，而不一步侵占原始息地。 (援用自原文)
The world is at greater risk of infectious diseases that originate in wildlife because people are encroaching on tropical areas of wilderness to feed livestock and hunt wild animals. Tropical deforestation and over-hunting are also at the root of global warming and mass species extinction.
世界正冒著，源自野生物的更大染病。因，人正在侵荒野地，以牲畜及野生物。的森林砍伐及度狩，也是全球暖化及大模物的根源。
Devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS, Ebola and COVID-19 are likely to have originated in wildlife. This serves as a reminder of how human impacts on the environment interlink with disease as well as with climate change and biodiversity loss. Food, then, is one key to solving a lot of problems.
像人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV：Human Immunodeficiency Virus)/後天性免疫缺陷症候群(AIDS：Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)、伊波拉病毒及2019冠病毒症(COVID-19：Coronavirus Disease-19)等，性流行病很可能曾起源於野生物。充了人境的影，除了候及生物多性失之外，也如何疾病相互的一警示。因此，食物是解多的之一。
We recently conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature to explore whether outbreaks of infectious diseases originating in wildlife could be linked to ecosystem degradation caused by the global food system.
最近，我科文行了一次全面查，以探索源自野生物的染病爆，是否能全球食系致之生系的化，被起。
The review revealed two ways to tackle the interrelated crises of wildlife-origin diseases, global warming and mass species extinction. The first is a global transition to more plant-based diets, so as to limit agricultural encroachment on tropical wildlands. The second is to curb demand for wild meat in tropical cities.
次查揭露了，解起源於野生物的疾病、全球暖化及大模物等，相互危的方法。首先是全球渡到，以更多植物基的食，以便限制荒地的侵。第二是抑制，於城市中，野生物肉的需求。
Closer to the Equator, biodiversity becomes richer. These tropical regions have historically seen less development and are particularly rich in wildlife and carbon stocks. But in recent decades agricultural frontiers have expanded rapidly into tropical forests.
愈靠近赤道，生物多性得愈富。此些地展少，因此野生物及碳量特富。不，在近十年中，前沿已迅速展到森林。
The expansion of farmland into tropical forests may be increasing contact between wildlife, people and livestock. This in turn may enhance the likelihood of pathogens jumping from one to the other.
地展到森林可能正在增加野生物、人牲畜之的接。依序可能增加病原，一物跳到另一物的可能性。
Such habitat destruction also has a negative impact on large herbivores and predators, as they lose sources of food and breeding grounds. This can lead to an increase in “generalist” species of rodents, bats, birds and primates that are better adapted to human-modified landscapes.
息地破，大型草食性物及捕食者，也生面影。因，失去了食物源及繁殖地。致，善於人改造之景的物、蝙蝠、及物等“通才”物的增加。
Some of these species are known “reservoirs” for infectious diseases of livestock and humans. Intensive livestock farms further increase the likelihood that domesticated animals become intermediate hosts for wildlife-origin diseases, often amplifying the risk of human contagion.
此些物中，有些已知是牲畜及人染病的“藏”。集牲畜一步增加了，的物成起源於野生物之疾病，居宿主的可能性。通常大人接染的。
In addition, if the global human population continues to grow and adopt diets rich in livestock source foods, it’s unlikely that global warming can be kept well below 2°C. It’s also unlikely that the rate of species extinction can be slowed. This is because livestock production has the highest environmental footprint of all foods in terms of land and water use, greenhouse gas emissions and pollution of terrestrial and aquatic systems.
此外，倘若全球人口持成，且用富含牲畜源的食物食，全球暖化能被保持在低於2°C，是不可能的。物能被慢下，也是不太可能的。是因，土地水源利用、室排放及地水生系污染等方面，牲畜物具有一切食物中的最高境足(也被通生足，其考了有地球之商品服的整供需求)。
It’s not realistic or even desirable to expect everyone to become a vegan (following a completely plant-based diet). But flexitarian diets could feed the growing world population without further expanding farmland into tropical wildlands, and with reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
期待每人都成素食主者(遵循完全以植物基的食)是不的，甚至是不可取的。不，性食(也就是，半素食的食)能活不成的世界人口，而需一步地展到荒地，且能少室排放。
These diets consist of large amounts of plant-based foods (including vegetable proteins like pulses, nuts and seeds), modest amounts of fish, poultry, eggs and dairy and small quantities of red and processed meat.
此些食由大量以植物基的食物(包括豆、果及子等植物蛋白)、量、家禽、蛋奶品及少量肉加工肉所成。
Together with conversion to environmentally friendly or organic farming and cutbacks in food losses and wastage, diets low in livestock source foods are then a key component of a sustainable global food system. They have other health benefits too, such as reducing obesity, diabetes, heart disease and colorectal cancer.
同向保或有及少食耗浪，低牲畜源食物的食，在此情下，是可持之全球食系的一成部分。它也具有其他健康益，如少肥胖、糖尿病、心病及直癌。
Measures available to governments, civil society and businesses to promote a reduction in the global consumption of livestock source foods are illustrated in the figure below.
可政府、民社及企用，促少全球牲畜源食物消的措施。如下所示。
2. 促朝向以更多植物(活性素食)基之食的策略。 (援用自原文)
Governments tend to dodge such interventions for fear of public backlash. But the Governments tend to dodge such interventions for fear of public backlash. But the public expects government leadership in tackling such a complex challenge.
由於心公的烈反，多政府向避此干。不，在解如此挑上，公期望政府。
In the tropical forests of Africa, Asia and South America, over the past 30 years hunting pressure to supply nearby cities has radically increased. High levels of wild meat trade may enhance the risk of disease transmission from wildlife to humans, because it’s hard for governments to enforce biosecurity measures on hunting grounds and at abattoirs, food markets and restaurants.
去30年，於非洲、洲及南美洲的森林中，附近城市提供食物的狩力，已急增加。高水平的野生肉交易可能增加疾病，野生物播人的。因，政府而言，很在狩、屠宰、食物市及餐行生物安全措施。
Without effective law enforcement and sustained consumer campaigns to reduce urban demand, bans may fail to discourage trade. In fact, consumers’ strong preferences for wild meat mean that they may continue to purchase it despite price increases induced by a ban. This would boost black markets.
有效的法及持的消者，少城市需求。禁令可能法阻止交易。事上，消者野生肉的烈偏好，意味著管禁令致格上，他仍可能持。提振黑市。
In urban areas, legume, fish and livestock source proteins are easily available at affordable prices. But some indigenous people and rural communities rely on hunted meat for a vital part of their nutrition and income. Outright bans would undermine their rights to hunt sustainably within their territories.
在都市地，豆、及牲畜源的蛋白，以得起的格，是易可取得的。不，一些原住民及村社之及收入的重要部分，仰狩的肉。底禁令害他，在其土可持狩的利。
Bans could also shift wild meat trade to illegal, unregulated channels where less attention is paid to biosecurity measures necessary to prevent contagion from wildlife-borne diseases.
禁令也野生肉交易移到非法。在不受管理的交易管道下，少被注，防止自野生物具有之疾病染所需的生物安全措施。
The ideal is then to contain tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing demand in urban areas while supporting hunting rights and biosecurity measures among communities in remote subsistence areas.
因此，理想的做法是，藉由抑制於都市地的需求，同支持於偏生活所需地之社中的狩生物安全措施，遏制野生肉的狩及交易。
Interventions in rural communities should provide wild meat hunters, traders and butchers with training in inexpensive biosecurity measures they can easily adopt to avoid infection from contact with wild animals. Biosecurity measures should also be extended to livestock and wildlife farms, abattoirs, food markets and restaurants, as illustrated in the figure below.
在村社的干，以所不多之野生肉人、交易商及屠夫能易取，以避免因接野生物而感染的生物安全措施，他提供。生物安全措施也被展到牲畜及野生物、屠宰、食物市及餐，如下所示。
3. 村社及市的生物安全措施。 (援用自原文)
Other physical distancing measures should also be taken on farms, pastures and live animal markets. These include fencing and reducing livestock densities to minimise contact with wild herbivores, planting fruit trees visited by bats at a distance from livestock sites, and limiting the number of animals on sale in live animal markets.
在、牧及活物市，也取其他保持身距的措施。些措施包括，及少牲畜密度，以量少野生草食性物的接、在牲畜的地方，植蝙蝠造的果，及限制在活物市上出售的物量。
People in different regions rely on animals for food to different degrees. Efforts to reduce livestock production should focus on curbing excessive consumption in wealthier countries and the expanding metropoles of developing countries.
不同地的人，於物食物的依程度不同。少畜牧生的努力，著重於遏制富裕家的度消，及展中家不大的大都市。
In the poorer rural areas of developing countries, home gardening and smallholder livestock development programmes can help decrease malnutrition, but with less environmental impact.
在展中家的村地，家庭及小畜牧展，能有助於少不良，不具小境影。
People who live where it’s hard to grow crops – such as pastoralists in arid rangelands and hunter-gatherers in tropical rainforests and the Arctic – will instead continue to rely conspicuously on animals for nutrition. Nonetheless, the low environmental impacts of their subsistence way of living are not comparable to those of dense and better off urban populations.
生活於以植作物之地方的人，如於乾旱放牧地的牧民，及在雨林北地的狩集者，反而明持依物，取。 不，他持生存之生活方式的低境影，法人口稠密且富裕的都市人口相提。
The incidence of infectious diseases originating in wild animals is high and may be increasing. This may be yet another sign of the way in which the degradation of ecosystems is undermining the capacity of the planet to sustain human health and wellbeing.
源自野生物的染病病率很高，而且可能正增加中。可能是生系化，正在削弱地球持人健康及福祉之能力的另一徵兆。
Dietary shifts away from livestock source foods and wild meat are crucial to protect the environment, safeguard poorer communities and reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and pandemics.
向牲畜源食物及野生肉的食，於保境、保困社及降低疾病爆流行病的，至重要。
址：https://theconversation.com/eating-less-food-from-animal-sources-is-key-to-reducing-the-risk-of-wildlife-origin-diseases-and-global-warming-185610
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