V2EX pvalue

P-value

定义 Definition

p 值(P-value)是统计假设检验中的一个数值:在“原假设为真”的前提下,得到“至少同样极端”的观察结果的概率。p 值越小,表示数据与原假设越不相符(但它不是“原假设为真的概率”,也不是“结果为偶然的概率”)。

发音 Pronunciation (IPA)

/pi vlju/

例句 Examples

The p-value is below 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis.
p 值小于 0.05,因此我们拒绝原假设。

Although the p-value suggests statistical significance, the effect size is small and may not be practically important.
尽管 p 值显示具有统计显著性,但效应量很小,实际意义可能不大。

词源 Etymology

p-value中的 p 通常解释为 probability(概率)。该术语在 20 世纪统计学发展过程中逐渐固定下来,广泛用于显著性检验与推断统计的语境中,表示与检验统计量相关的“尾部概率”。

相关词 Related Words

文学与著作中的用例 Literary & Notable Works

  • R. A. Fisher:《Statistical Methods for Research Workers》(统计方法经典著作,系统化推动了显著性检验与 p 值的使用)
  • Jerzy Neyman & Egon Pearson:多篇假设检验奠基论文(与现代检验框架密切相关,常讨论与 p 值相关的推断思想)
  • David Salsburg:《The Lady Tasting Tea》(以通俗叙事讲统计史,涉及 p 值与显著性检验的讨论)
  • American Statistical Association:《Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values》(专门阐明 p 值的正确解读与常见误用)
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